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Article 58 of the RSFSR Penal Code was created by Stalin to catch anybody who was felt to be guilty, or just suspected, of "anti-Soviet activities."
It led to the jailing of many innocent men, mostly academics, including Alexander Solzhenitsyn, who would write about his experience as a "Fifty Eighter" in his novels (chiefly The First Circle). Sentences for the crime were long (5, 10 or more years) and frequently extended indefinitely without trial or consultation. If the prisoner was released, he would often be sent into exile within Russia.
Section 10 of Article 58 made "propaganda and agitation against the Soviet Union" a triable offence, whilst section 12 allowed for onlookers to be prosecuted for not reporting instances of section 10. In effect, Article 58 was carte blanche for the MGB to arrest and imprison who it liked, making for its use as a political weapon. People could be framed by the MGB - it would arrange an "anti-Soviet" incident in their presence and then try them for it. If they pleaded innocence, not having reported the incident would also make them liable to imprisonment.
Article 58 was used to imprison many returning World War II soldiers on the grounds that their capture and detainment by the Axis Powers during the war was proof that they did not fight to the death and were therefore anti-Soviet.
